![]() The technical problems of illumination therefore centre on the use of gold but the broader problems of the complete manuscript production will be mentioned first to put them in context.Īlthough it is impossible to define exact dates the illuminated manuscript was an important object throughout Western Europe for over a thousand years from about the fourth century to its high point in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In fact illuminated manuscripts are the major form of medieval graphic art as the paintings they contain outnumber panel paintings many times over. In the early Middle Ages the scribe, as well as writing the text, generally decorated the pages and illuminated the initial letters but for the historiated initials and larger illustrations an experienced master of miniature painting was usually employed. These masters were called illuminators (Latin illuminatores) and their job was to embellish manuscripts by painting and drawing. During the Romanesque period (conveniently 1049-1180) there was no centre of production and manuscript illumination was a truly international activity. ![]() Īy the late medieval period the ownership of books increased enormously and powerful and wealthy individuals owned books and towards the end of the period even less wealthy individuals, such as doctors, owned them. ![]() To cope with the increased demand the production of a manuscript was often undertaken by a team of specialists. ![]()
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