Among homeless women and street youth in New York City, early sexual abuse was significantly associated with entry into prostitution. Physical abuse was marginally associated with entry into sex work as well. city, early childhood abuse or neglect and sexual abuse were significantly associated with subsequent initiation into sex work. Among 1196 children processed in a criminal court in an unnamed U.S. Initiation into sex work has also been linked to childhood sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, including forced sex, domestic violence, and childhood sexual victimization. To date, studies have not established whether specific drugs are more commonly used by women who are beginning sex work or whether specific drug types are associated with initiating sex work at earlier ages. In an earlier study conducted in Ciudad Juarez among 75 FSWs, 59% were currently using drugs, and of those, 36% had initiated illicit drug use prior to entry into sex work, and half were injection drug users. Among a sample of FSWs in these cities, 18% reported ever injecting drugs such as heroin, cocaine or methamphetamine, alone or in combination. Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez are situated on major trafficking routes for heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Among US street youth, “survival sex” was strongly associated with recent substance use and lifetime injection drug use. In a Danish study, early use of heroin and cocaine was a predictor for initiating prostitution. For example, crack use among migrants in Southern Florida was associated with entry into prostitution. Several studies have reported associations between substance use and initiation into sex work. Therefore, studies examining the factors that influence initiation into sex work often rely on retrospective analyses among current FSWs. Due to such complicating factors as human trafficking, safety concerns, ethical issues surrounding research on emancipated minors, and the clandestine nature of sex work, there are very few studies on young girls engaged in sex work. A review of child prostitution in Thailand reported detrimental physical and emotional effects and high risk for STIs, malnutrition, mental illness, substance abuse, complicated pregnancy, backstreet abortions, and violence. FSWs are vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy, and physical, psychological, and emotional abuse. The legal age of consent for sexual intercourse in Mexico is 18 years, yet underage sex workers are common. In both cities, FSWs work in cantinas, bars, hotels, nightclubs, massage parlors, and on street corners. Unlike Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez does not regulate sex work. Approximately 4,000 FSWs work in zones of tolerance in Ciudad Juarez. In 2006, it was reported that 4,850 FSWs were registered with the Municipal Health Service in Tijuana, while thousands of other FSWs were thought to work without permits. border with large populations of female sex workers (FSWs). Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez are cities along the Mexico–U.S. Most major cities in Mexico have developed zonas de tolerancia (zones of tolerance) where sex work is quasi-legal and, in some cases, regulated.
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